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Name Place Time Period Presided By Result First Jain Council Pataliputra 300 BCE Sthalabahu Compilation of 12 Angas Second Jain Council Valabhi 512 BCE Devaradhi Kshamasramana Final compilation of 12 Angas & 12 Upangas

Name Time Period Place Presided by Purpose The First Buddhist Council In 483 BCE , immediately after the death of the Buddha At Saptaparni in Magadha Mahakassapa To maintain the purity of the Buddha’s teaching The Second Buddhist Council In 383 BCE , During the reign of Kalashoka At Vaishali Sabakami To end the controversy between the monks of various sects The Third Buddhist Council In 250 BCE , During the reign of Ashoka At Patliputra Moggaliputta Tissa To settle the dispute of Vinaya Pitaka The Fourth Buddhist Council In 100 CE , During the reign of Kanishka At Kundalavan in Kashmir Vasumitra To settle all the differences among the 18 sects of Buddhism

Hi everyone. This post is about the various foreign travelers who came to ancient India and authored books on India that serve as one of the important sources of the knowledge on that period. Here I list the travelers and their countries and the name of their books. Name Nationality Name of Book Emperor Megasthenes Greek Indika Chandragupta Maurya Fa-Hien Chinese Record of Buddhist Kingdoms Chandragupta II Hiuen Tsang or Xuanzang Chinese Tsi-Yu-Ki Harshavardhana Al Beruni Arab Tahqiq-i-Hind or Kitab-ul-Hind Mahmud of Ghazni Marco Polo Italian The Book of Sir Marco Polo Queen Rudrama Devi & Delhi Sultanate Ibn Batuta Moroccan Rehla Muhammad Bin Tughlaq Abdul Razzaq Persian Matla-us-Sadainwa, Majma-ul-Bahrain Devaraya II

Hi everybody. This is the continuation of the post on Vedic civilization. If you have not already read the previous post, you can read it here . In this post, I shall continue to discuss the Vedic literature. The Rig Veda is the book of lyrics . In Rig Veda, the first and the tenth Mandalas are said to be added later. The Sam Veda is the book of chants . It has approximately one thousand and five hundred verses. The person reciting the chants of the Rig Veda is called the Hotri whereas the person reciting the hymns of the Sam Veda is called the Udgatri . The Yajur Veda is divided into two parts- i) Shukla Yajur Veda and ii) Krishna Yajur Veda . The Yajur Veda consists of sacrificial prayers. It is recited by the Adhvaryus . The Atharva Veda is the last of the Vedas. It consists of various charms and spells to avoid evils and diseases . The Brahmana explain the hymns of the Vedas . It is written in prose. The Aranyaka was written for sages and students living in the jun...

Hi everyone. This is another post on Indian history. In this post, I shall focus on the Vedic civilization and culture. This is part of the category ancient Indian history. Ancient Indian history plays an important role in Govt. job examinations such as UPSC, SSC CGL etc. In this post and subsequent posts, I shall discuss the important facets of ancient Vedic civilization. There are many theories regarding the original home of the Aryans. According to some historians, the Aryans were native to the soil of India . Some other scholars propose that the Aryans came from Central Asia while some of the scholars believe the Arctic region to be the home of the Aryans. The Boghazkoi Inscription , found at Bogazkale, Turkey, bears testimony to the theory that mentions Central Asia as the home of the Aryans. It mentions four Vedic Gods Mitra, Nasatyas, Indra and Varuna . It is believed that Aryans migrated to India in several groups from 2500 BC to 1500 BC . The first group of Aryans...